Child Back

Child Back
Do you have a divorced mother is entitled to take the child back?

Ok, this is the whole story. My uncle and his wife divorced several years ago. The court gives the right to take the second child. The mother takes the child first. And now, my uncle wants to give her second child a couple quite far relative lack children (bug might not Childern can not) My question is, can the mother who is my aunt-in-law go to court and ask the child back? "His voice has no effect if assigned to raise another child? Thank you very much.

YES Depending on the state laws vary a little, but unless a parent is proven unfit she has the right taking the second child. The court would be in their favor, since it seems that the father did not want the child. If he did not notify him about what he was doing image could have the abandonment of children which is illegal. In fact, even with legal protection soul that has no right to "give" the child away unless approval. After an adoption would be to make them guardians / parents.

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Child Abuse

Introduction

"And when the girl (udah Al-Maw \ ') buried alive is questioned, for what sin was killed "(Sura 81, Takwir: 8-9). On the day of trial, the parents will be asked for what they have abused their daughters. finished these Islamic teachings cruel pre-Islamic practice of female infanticide "Wa \" d ", which was common in the dark ages. However, child abuse has since have long been recorded in literature, art and science in many parts of the world. The historical record is also filled with reports of unkempt, children driven by weak and malnourished families to fend for themselves and children who have been physical, sexual and emotional abuse. In recent years, countries Witnesses of a move towards child abuse and prevention to address.

This concept paper is intended to represent the different types of child abuse, the manifestations and its consequences. The different types of child abuse are due to many factors, these factors will also be discussed. Prevention approaches for the family and providers health services was highlighted by the end of this document therapeutic strategies. Most available studies relate to aspects of physical, sexual and / or emotional abuse, and therefore the discussion and recommendations would be most valid when applied to such situations.

Any person under 18 year \ 's been neglected or abused by a parent or someone responsible for their care is considered a victim of child abuse. In 2002 statistics, the Department Health and Human Services found that: about 896,000 U.S. children were victims of abuse and neglect. Of all abused children, 60.5% suffered neglect, 18.6%, physical abuse, and 9.9%, sexual abuse. Some experienced more than one type. An estimated 1,400 children died from abuse or neglect; 76.1% of them were under 4 years. Parents were the most common abusers. Despite these numbers on child abuse are terrible, many authorities believe you \ 're conservative. Since abuse occurs within the family and often involves young preverbal children, many cases are not discovered or reported. In particular, 63% of participants identified themselves as victims of domestic violence on Karachi Domestic Violence Screening Scale. 36% of victims were male and 64% of the victims were women. 35% of victims reported facing physical abuse, 52% of victims reported psychological abuse and 30% of victims reported sexual abuse from their relatives. 60% of victims had depression and 67% of the victims had anxiety. Another study by medical students of AKU (class of 1996) in a sample of 176 children showed that 27% of them had suffered physical abuse.

Child abuse crosses all ethnic groups racial, cultural, and socioeconomic lines. There is clear evidence that child abuse is a global problem. "It comes in a variety of forms and is deeply rooted in cultural, economic and social practices "(Bethea, L, 1999). Many parents who abuse their children are immature and impulsive, with low self-esteem. Sometimes the family is isolated in the community and one or both parents can be a substance abuser. Environmental stressors that can trigger abuse problems include work, poverty, unemployment, illness of a family member, marital tensions, and domestic violence among adults. The consequences to consider child lead prevention of children as a priority in primary health care system. "The short-term consequences of abuse are physical and behavioral indicators that led to suspect abuse in the first place in health systems. "

The role of the community, religious leaders and school teachers is vital in the fight against exploitation of children, but unfortunately, there is often ambivalence among the people about these issues. So there is a need to sensitize nurses parents and teachers on the crucial issues surrounding child abuse and mobilize them to form networks to protect children. In general, neglect came to light when a teacher reports of a child who has poor hygiene and inappropriate clothing, appears listless, frequently complains of hunger, or frequently absent from school without explanation. Neighbors may report a child who is left unsupervised, or a doctor may report that a child is missing appointments for medical care. As a professional health, the role of nurses is a report of child abuse and neglect, especially when a nurse discovered during home visits. "Nurses who work with children and families in various health care, education and social service settings can play a key role in the arrest of neglect and abuse before they start, through the promotion of primary prevention procedures. "(Kathleen, 2004)

Body

The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect recently compared the definitions of abuse from 58 countries and found some commonality in what is considered abusive. In 1999, the WHO Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention drafted the following definition:''child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of violence physical and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to health of child survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.''

The definition given above covers a wide spectrum of abuse. This paragraph is mainly focused on the manifestations and consequences of three types of child abuse, namely physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and abandonment.

Physical abuse of a child is defined as acts that cause actual physical damage or have the potential for harm. Injuries caused by a caregiver in a child can take many forms. serious injury or death in children abuse is most often the result of head trauma or injury internal organs. Head trauma as a result of abuse is the most common cause of death in young children, with children in the first two years of life are most vulnerable. Due to the force applied to the body passes through the skin, the patterns of skin lesions can provide clear signs of abuse. Demonstrations skeletal abuse are multiple fractures in different stages of healing, bone fractures that rarely breaks under normal circumstances, and fractures characteristic of the ribs and long bones.

Sexual abuse is defined as those acts in which a doctor uses a child for sexual gratification. Children can be brought to professional care because of physical or behavioral, for further investigation, in turn a result of sexual abuse. It is not uncommon for children who have been victims of sexual abuse to show symptoms of infection, genital injury, abdominal pain, constipation, chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections or behavior problems. To be able to detect child sexual abuse requires a high index of suspicion and familiarity with the indicators verbal, behavioral and physical abuse. Many children disclose abuse to caregivers or others spontaneously, but may also be indirect physical signs or behavioral problems.

Emotional abuse includes the lack of an enabling and supportive environment, and includes acts that have adverse effects on emotional health and development of a child. Such acts include restricting a child's activities, the taunts, threats and intimidation, discrimination, rejection. Neglect refers to the lack of a parent to ensure the child's development – if the parent is able to do so – one or more of the following areas: health, education, emotional development, nutrition, shelter and safe living conditions. Negligence is what distinguishes them from impoverished circumstances where negligence can occur only in cases where resources are reasonable available to the family or caregiver.

Many risk factors are responsible for child abuse phenomena, including: community and social factors age and sex. Numerous studies in many countries have demonstrated a strong association between poverty and child abuse. Abuse rates are higher in communities with high levels unemployment and concentrated poverty. These communities are also characterized by high turnover of population and overcrowding. Research shows that " Chronic poverty affects children negatively through its impact on parental behavior and the availability of community resources. "correlation the Community is the degree of cohesion and solidarity that exists within communities. "Children living in areas with less investment'','' the social capital or in the community appear to have greater risk of abuse and have more behavioral or psychological problems "(Macmillan, 1994). Moreover," the social networks and neighborhood connections have been shown to be protective of children "(Macmillan, 1994). This is true even for children with a number risk factors – such as poverty, violence, substance abuse and parents with low educational attainment – which appear to be protected by high levels of correlation community.

Vulnerability to child abuse – whether physical, sexual or neglect – depends in part on the child's age. Fatal cases of abuse Physicists are mainly among young children. In reviews of infant deaths in Fiji, Finland, Germany and Senegal, for example, most victims were younger than 2 years old, Kathleen, M (2004). Young children are also at risk of nonfatal physical abuse, though the peak ages of such abuse vary from country to country. For example, "peak rates of nonfatal physical abuse for children 3-6 years old in China, 6-11 of age in India and between 6 and 12 years of age in the United States "(Kathleen, M (2004)). sexual abuse rates, by contrast, tend to increase after the onset of puberty, with the highest rates occurring during adolescence (). Sexual abuse, however, can also be directed to young children.

Sex is another vulnerability to child abuse. In most countries, girls are at greater risk than men of infanticide, sexual abuse, educational and nutritional neglect and forced prostitution. The results of several international studies show rates of sexual abuse to be 1.5-3 times higher among girls than boys. Globally, more than 130 million children between the ages of 6 and 11 years are not in school, 60% of whom are girls (Macmillan, 1994). In some countries, girls, or not allowed to receive education or stay at home to help care for siblings, or to help the family financially by working. The boys seem to be at increased risk for severe physical punishment in many countries. Although girls are at greater risk of infanticide in many places is not clear why children are subjected to harsh physical punishment. It may be that such punishment is seen as a preparation for leadership roles and responsibilities of adults, or that the boys considered to need more physical discipline. Clearly, the comprehensive cultural differences that exist between different societies in relation to the role of women and the values associated with children of both sexes could explain many of these differences.

Most developers focus on abuse prevention child. Few approaches focus on primary prevention in the first place. Approaches to family support, health care approaches, then therapeutic approaches described.

A series of interventions to improve parenting practices of children and provide family support have been developed. These types of educating programmers in general parents on child development and help them improve their skills in managing their children's behavior. For example, Wolfe et al. evaluated a behavior to provide training in parenting, specifically designed for families considered at risk. mother-baby pairs were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a comparison group. Mothers who received parenting training reported fewer behavioral problems with their children and fewer adjustment problems associated with abuse potential compared with mothers in the comparison group. Moreover, follow-up evaluation by social workers indicated that by a lower risk of abuse by mothers who had received training in parenting.

A number of health care organizations have developed training programmers to improve both the detection and reporting of abuse and neglect, and knowledge among health workers in community services available. In the United States, for example, the American Medical Association has produced diagnosis and treatment of child abuse and sexual abuse. " (Kempe, 1962) Detection of child abuse and neglect, however, is not always easy. Specific techniques of interview and the types of physical examination are required. I have made a presentation on ethical dilemmas on domestic abuse last year. Emphasized the role of the nurse to help children through the solution this dilemma, according to the teleological and deontological approaches.

A review of treatment programs for physically abused children found that "therapeutic day care with an emphasis on improving cognitive skills and development – is the most popular approach (). Day Care therapy has been advocated for a wide range of conditions related to abuse, and emotional, behavioral or addiction-related problems and cognitive or developmental delays. The approach incorporates specific methods of therapy and treatment in the course of daily activities of children in child care center. Most programmers of this type also include therapy and parent education.

Poor health caused by child abuse constitutes a significant portion of the load morbidity worldwide. Although some of the health consequences have been investigated, others have only recently been the subject of attention, such as psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior. Importantly, there is now evidence that major adult forms of the disease – including ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia – are related to experiences of abuse during childhood (99-01). Similarly, there many studies showing the psychological damage in the short and long term. Such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, aggression, shame or cognitive. Financial expenses associated with the victims both in the short term care and long-term form a significant part of the overall burden by abuse and neglect. Included in the calculation are the direct costs associated with treatment, hospital visits and physician and other health services. In 1996, "the financial cost associated with abuse and neglect in the United States was estimated at about U.S. $ 12,400,000,000. "(Kempe, 1962)

From my point of view, child abuse Hidden is a serious problem, which I had suffered in my childhood home team. But the role of professionals in 1990 that age was not effective. Otherwise, there could be been protected. I believe that health professionals have a key role to play in the identification, treatment and referral of abuse and neglect and to report suspected cases of abuse to authorities. It is vital that child abuse cases are detected early, to minimize the consequences for the child and to implement the necessary services as soon as possible.

As mentioned earlier, I can conclude that child abuse is a serious global health problem. It has different types, and each type leads to different consequences in the short and long term. Many factors are responsible for voluntarily increase of child abuse. Prevention methods can be applied to known cases that reach clinical levels, however, we can not predict how violence if they hide inside the houses secrets.

The complex nature of \ child abuse doesn 't allow for easy solutions. But the nurses who work with children and families in various health care, education and social service settings can play a key role in the arrest of neglect and abuse before it starts. Here s \ 'how. Prevention directed primary to the general population. public service announcements to promote positive discipline techniques, the campaigns of the media to tell people how and where to report suspected abuse. And education programs for parents to teach parents about child development and parenting skills. For example, women expectant and new parents may know little about the basics of childcare. Usually knows even less about a child \ 's emotional needs, social and medical, normal developmental stages and how the critical first three years of life affects development. Seizing the opportunities to teach and models behavior in clinical situations, childbirth and parenting classes, home visits, and parent support groups

I recommend that you should not take a defeatist attitude to child prevention. Despite the lack of sound evidence to guide our prevention efforts, nurses can do many things to try to avoid abuse. At least, with a greater concern for parents or caregivers and increase our efforts to improve their skills as parents or caregivers can help save our patients more vulnerable to the nightmare of abuse and neglect. Recognition and awareness, although some key elements for effective prevention, are only part of the solution. Prevention efforts and policies need to deal directly with children, their caregivers and living environments in order to prevent abuses occurring and deal effectively with cases of abuse and neglect that have taken place.

References:

– Kempe, CH et al. The battered child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical

Association 1962,181:17-24.

– Key, j (1999). Protect children. New York. Continuum

– HL Macmillan, MacMillan JH, Offord DR, Griffith L, A. Primary MacMillan

Child labor prevention physical abuse and neglect: a critical review. Part I. J Child

Psychol Psychiatry 1994, 35 (5) :835-56.

"Bethea, L (1999). Primary prevention of child abuse

From rcn.org.ukww.rcn.org.uk http://www.rcn.org

– Kathleen, M (2004). How to recognize and respond to abuse

From http://www.findarticles.com/

About the Author

Nigar Fatima Zafar
RN, BScN
The Aga Khan University,
Karachi – Pakistan